Cracking hydrocarbons experiment results example

Cracking hydrocarbons experiment worksheet teaching resources. Pdf application of hydrocarbon cracking experiments to. Cracking and alkenes crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes. The properties, which make them ideal for such, will be investigated. Which two things are needed to crack hydrocarbons answers. For example, dodecane a component of kerosene oil gives a mixture of heptane and pentane as pyrolysis products, on heating it to a temperature of 973k under the catalytic action of platinum, palladium or nickel.

The fact that all hydrocarbon combustions are exothermic is responsible for their widespread use as fuels. The cracking of heavy hydrocarbons is one of the fundamental processes in the petrochemical industry. Products of cracking hydrocarbons the products of catalytic cracking include smaller alkanes and alkenes. Cracking an alkane produces a smaller alkane plus an alkene. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. Breaking compounds down by heat in this way is an example of a reaction known as a. The process whereby catalysts are added to certain hydrocarbons in order to break them into smaller hydrocarbons suitable for petrol and plastics is called. As is true for all hydrocarbons, alkanes burn in air to produce carbon dioxide co2 and water h2o and release heat. Cracking hydrocarbons experiment worksheet teaching. Designed by expert teachers for the edexcel gcse 91 chemistry syllabus.

This is a dangerous scientific experiment and must not be attempted without skilled supervision. The major uses of hydrocarbons are as fuels and solvents. The gasoline and diesel fuel that are used in cars, trucks, and. A fractional distillation b cracking c crude oil extraction.

Burning gasoline and heating oil are examples of hydrocarbons that go under combustion as a source of energy. The process also results in the slow deposition of coke, a form of carbon, on the reactor walls. In this experiment a simple model of the reaction is presented, employing liquid paraffin as a. Introduction hydrocarbons are the compounds containing only the hydrogen and the carbon elements. First, crack the vapour of liquid paraffin by passing it over a heated catalyst to produce and collect a mixture of gaseous shortchain hydrocarbons. Cracking hydrocarbons in liquid paraffin with a catalyst. Cracking hydrocarbons edexcel gcse chemistry revision notes. Catalytic cracking in which a catalyst is employed and which produces high yields of branched and cyclic alkanes. Jul 19, 2011 most organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, are less dense than water density is less than 1. The cracking reaction produces a variety of chemicals including coke, which results in a layer of coke forming on the catalyst. Jun 11, 2003 an additive used in catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons, which is in the form of homogeneous liquid and comprises a composite metal compound, wherein said composite metal compound consists of the oxides, hydroxides, organic acid salts, inorganic acid salts or metal organic complex compounds of at least one of the 1st group metals and at least one of the 2nd group metals, wherein the 1st group. Distinguishing gases derived from oil cracking and kerogen.

The two gases are quite different in their chemical and isotopic composition. A simple worksheet to use when pupils carry out the cracking of hydrocarbons experiment. Alkenes are a family of hydrocarbon compounds with the general formula c nh 2n, for example, c2h4 ethene. The catalyst works by providing the hydrocarbon gases with a convenient surface for the cracking to take place. Liquid paraffin a mixture of alkanes of chain length c20 and greater is vaporised and passed over a hot pumice stone catalyst. A cracking practical can be carried out in a school lab quite easily by using a broken pottery as a catalyst. Chemistry revision notes on the topic cracking hydrocarbons. The worksheet can also be found by clicking on the worksheet below. This is done by heating the hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons thermal cracking selectivity depending on their. It is when big hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller ones. The lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in figure 1. Model the industrial process of cracking larger hydrocarbons to produce smaller alkanes that can be converted into petrol. Feb 16, 2015 cracking hydrocarbons part 2, gcse science chemistry. Saturated hydrocarbons contain no double bond or triple bonds. Crude oil cracking you need to understand certain chemical reactions used in a variety of industrial processes for gcse chemistry. Expired lifetime application number us372007a inventor byron m vanderbilt. For example, a higher hydrocarbon c 1 0 h 2 2 splits according to the reaction. The results of fullscale experiments were used for the control and. The name given to hydrocarbons with single bonds only is.

The vast number of hydrocarbons is indicative of the number of different ways the carbons skeleton can be arranged. Paraffin wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons, also found as. A higher cracking temperature also referred to as severity favors the production of ethene and benzene, whereas lower severity produces higher amounts of propene, c4hydrocarbons and liquid products. Hydrocarbons examples, answers, activities, experiment. The higher molecules of alkanes are transformed into lower molecules petrol c 6 to c 11 by cracking. Catalytic cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. In this experiment the vapour of liquid paraffin a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons is cracked by passing it over a heated catalyst. Then test the mixture for unsaturation with bromine water. Cracking hydrocarbon chains will be expected for all three exam boards which are.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds. Alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons. Application of hydrocarbon cracking experiments to ethylene. In addition except, catalytic cracking reactions of isomeryzation, cyclization, polymerization, dehydrogenation and others are also possible. They are extremely important to our society because so many products are derived from them. Oct 10, 20 hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Jun 22, 2011 i need to answer the following questions about the experiment for cracking hydrocarbons, using paraffin and porcelain as a catalyst. Cracking is an example of a thermal decomposition chemical reaction. During the refining process, crude oil is separated into fractions having similar boiling points. During the cracking process, hydrocarbons are first heated to vaporise them. Steam cracking plants figures 1 and 2 use a variety of feedstocks, for example.

When writing a combustion chemical equation, balance the oxygen atoms last. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons uniwersytet warszawski. It also produces high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The combustion of 2,2,4trimethylpentane is expressed by the following chemical equation. The process of breaking higher hydrocarbons with high boiling points into a variety of lower hydrocarbons that are more volatile low boiling, is called cracking or pyrolysis. Compared with the gas derived from the pkerogen, the soil derived gas is enriched in c 2 c 5 hydrocarbons in its early cracking stages and c 1 c 3 hydrocarbons are depleted in.

A gaseous product is obtained which is flammable and which will. A put some mineral wool in the sealed end of a boiling tube. Additive used in catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons and a. Explain the problems linked to making synthetic polymers. They are mostly unreactive unless in a highly exothermic reaction, they burn.

This video prepares students for gcse higher tier science. This is needed for aqa, ocr and edexcel gcse science students revising for their gcse science exam. The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms particularly useful for petrol gasoline. For example, decane an alkane with 10 carbons can be cracked to produce octane and ethene. Ethane and heptane are hydrocarbons chemical compounds containing hydrogen and carbon, most notably from decomposition of carbohydrates. The major source of aliphatic hydrocarbons is petroleum, an extremely complex mixture of compounds.

These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and alkylation processes, and. Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons. Cracking is a reaction in which larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules, some of which are unsaturated. The mechanism of catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is ionic. Paraffins containing fewer than 5 carbon atoms per molecule are usually gaseous. An alkene is produced because the original alkane does. Sep 18, 2012 in this experiment the vapour of liquid paraffin a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons is cracked by passing it over a heated catalyst. The mixture of gaseous shortchain hydrocarbons produced is collected and tested for unsaturation with bromine water and acidified potassium manganatevii solution. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Explain the process and purpose of cracking cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction that breaks down long alkenes into smaller useful alkanes and alkenes.

The paraffins are major constituents of natural gas and petroleum. A large database of fullscale plant experiment results was obtained in the steam cracking unit at chemopetrol litvinov company. The hydrocarbons are boiled and the hydrocarbon gases are either mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature or passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. Most hydrocarbons will burn over a flame the hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Procedure listed in handout organic chemistry experiment hydrocarbons hazards. Hydrocarbons examples, answers, activities, experiment, videos. Cracking hydrocarbons part 2, gcse science chemistry. You are going to crack thermally decompose the longerchain alkanes in liquid paraffin to produce shorterchain alkanes and alkenes. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation.

Today, the most commonly used cat cracking process is called the fluid catalytic cracking fcc. Hydrocarbons thermal cracking selectivity depending on their structure and cracking parameters introduction 1 1 introduction production of lower olefins, like ethylene and propylene, it is a fundamental process in chemical industry for the reason that the worldwide demand for these compounds is higher than any other chemicals. Gcse chemistry what is the chemistry of the cracking of. During cracking, hydrocarbons are often passed over a.